| I sing of arms and a man, who first from the shores of Troy came by fate to Italy as a fugitive and to the Lavinian shore – he was greatly tossed both on land and on sea on account of the mindful anger of fierce Juno, having also endured many things in war until he would found a city and bring the gods to Latium – from which came the Latin race, the Alban fathers, and the walls of high Rome.O Muse, relate the causes to me with her divinity having been offended or angry at what the queen of the gods forced a man marked by loyalty to endure so many misfortunes. Is there such great anger to heavenly minds?There was an ancient city (the Tyrian colonists held it) Carthage, opposite Italy and far from the mouth of the Tiber rich in wealth and very fierce in the pursuits of war which alone Juno is said to cherish more than all lands with Samos being placed aside: here were her arms, here was her chariot, this kingdom the goddess then already held and cherished that this place would become the ruling power for races if in some way the fates permit. For she had heard that an offspring would be born from Trojan blood who would overturn the Tyrian arches; this people would come far and wide as the king proud in war and would come for the destruction of Libya: so spin the Fates. Dreading it and mindful of the ancient war daughter of Saturn (Juno) who first waged that war against Troy on behalf of dear Argos (Greece) besides the causes of her anger and her fierce pains had not yet fallen from her spirit; the judgment of Paris and the insult of her rejected beauty remained deep in her mind and the hateful people and the honors of Ganymede who was snatched up – enraged by these things also she kept he Trojans thrown about on the whole sea, those leavings of the Greeks and Achilles, she kept them far from Latium and for many years they were wandering driven by the fates around all the seas. So great was the cost to found the Roman people.(34) Scarcely out of sight of Sicilian lands the happy men were giving their sails to the sea and were rushing the foam of the sea with their bronze (prow) when Juno nursing the everlasting wound under her chest said these things to herself: ‘Am I defeated to stop from m undertaking and am I not able to turn away the rule of the Trojans from Italy? Indeed am I prevented by Fate? Wasn’t Minerva able to burn up a fleet of Greeks and drown them in the sea on account of the crime and rage of one man and the madness of Ajax, son of Oileus? She herself having thrown the lightning of Jove from the clouds she scattered the ships and she overturned the sea with winds. She snatched up that guy breathing out flames from his chest and impaled him on a sharp rock, but I who stride as queen of the gods and both sister and wife of Jove, I wage war with one race for so many years and does anyone adore the divinity of Juno anyway or as a suppliant lay an offering on the altars.The goddess pondering such things in her inflamed heart came into the country of the storms, a place teeming with raging south winds, Aeoli. Here in a vast came King Aeolus controls the struggling winds and roaring storms with power and he checks them with chains in a prison. They being angry rush with a great rumbling around the barrier of the mountains. Aeolus sits in his high citadel holding his scepter and he soothes their spirits and tempers their anger.If he didn’t do this then the rapid ones would sorely bear the seas and the lands and the deep sky with them and sweep them through the air. But the almighty father (Jove) fearing this hid the winds in the gloomy caves and placed a structure in the high mountains above them and he gave them a ruler who would know by a fixed agreement how to control them and when ordered how to give loose rein to whom then humbled Juno used these words: “Aeolus, indeed the father of the gods and king of men granted to you both to soothe the tides and to whip them up with a wind. A race hostile to me sails across the Tyrhenian sea carrying Troy and the defeated gods to Italy. Strike a force into the wind and overwhelm the sunken ships or drive them dispersed and scatter their bodies into the sea. There are to me twice seven nymphs f excellent body of whom the most beautiful in shape, Deiopea, I will join her in a stable marriage and I will dedicate her as your own so that fr such merits she will complete all her years with you and she shall make you father with beautiful offspring. Aeolus said in reply these things, “Yours is the labor, O queen, to search out what you will it is right to perform the commands given to me. You win over whatever this is of a kingdom you went over the power and you went over Jove, you grant that I recline at the feasts of the gods and you make me powerful over the clouds and the storms.” When these things were said he struck the hollow mountain in its side with a reversed spear and the winds with a military line having been made where a door is given they rush and they blow over the lands with a whirlwind. They brood over the sea and the Eurus and the Notus and crowded Africus rushed the whole thing from their innermost spots with gusts and they rolled the vast tides to the shore: the clamor of men and the creaking of cables followed. Suddenl the clouds tore away the sky and the day from the Trojans’ eyes, gloomy night lay upon the sea.The skies roared and the upper skies quivered with crowded thunder and everything threatened present death to the men. Immediately the arms of Aeneas were loosened with a chill. He groaned and stretching both palms to the heavens said such things with a voice, “O three and four times blessed, to whom it befell to meet death before the shores of the fathers of Troy. O Diomedes, strongest of the race of Greeks could I not have fallen in death in the Trojan camp and could I not have poured our this spirit by your right hand where fierce Hector lies near the spear of Achilles, where mighty Sarpedon lies, where the Simois spins around so many shields and helmets of men snatched up under its waves and also brave bodies. Anaphora – the repetition of a word or phrase for effect (ex: ln. 16)Alliteration – the use of a repeated sound for literary effectAblative AbsoluteProlepsis - use of a word before anticipated (ln 69)Relative Characteristic Clause – relative pronoun + verb in subjunctive (ln. 20)Archaic forms – older forms of abbreviating words (superum from superorum)Syncopated forms – abbreviation of words; both archaism and syncope occur for meterPolysyndeton – overuse of conjunctions (ll. 42-48)Asyndeton – lack of connective wordsIndirect statement – accusative subject + infinitiveIndirect question – interrogative + subjunctive (ln. 63)Dative of Possession – dative + form of sum (ln 71)Exclamatory infinitive – an infinitive + accusative subject (ll. 36-40)Metonymy – substitution of a word for another one related to it (ln 1)ut + subjunctive – result/purposein medias res – start in the middle of the story Why Juno hates the Trojans: 1 They will found Rome which will destroy Carthage 2 Jupiter picked Ganymede as cupbearer instead of Hebe, Juno’s daughter. 3 Dardanus, founder of the Trojans was the son of Juno’s rival. 4 The judgment of Paris, a Trojan prince. Lines 102 - 207(102) For him uttering such things, a gust in front, roaring by means of a North wind, strikes the sail; and it carries the tides to the stars. The oars are snapped, then the prow turns and gives the side to the waves, a towering mountain of water follows with a heap. These hang at the top of the wave, for there a gaping wave opens the ground between the waves, where the tide churns with the sands. The South wind whirled three snatched up ships against the hidden rocks (the Italians called the rocks, which are in the middle of the waves, the Altars, a vast reef on top of the sea); the East wind drives three ships from the deep into the shallows and sandbars, miserable to see, and it dashes them into the shoals and encircles them with a wall of sand. The mighty sea strikes one which was carrying the Lyceans and faithful Orontes before the eyes of the master (Aeneas) from the summit into the stern: the helmsman is thrown off and rolled forward headlong into the sea; the waves going around twist that ship three times in the same place and a swift whirlpool swallows the ship in the sea.(118) The arms of men, planks, and Trojan treasures appeared scattered on the vast abyss floating among the waves. Now the storm conquered the mighty ships of Iliones and brave Achates and now the one on which Abus was carried and the one on which old Aletes was carried. All of the ships with loosened side joints took on hostile water and they gape open with cracks. Meanwhile, Neptune, greatly disturbed, felt that the sea was confused with great rumbling and a storm was sent out and the still waters were poured out from the deepest depths; and looking out on the deep, he raised his calm head from the crest of a wave. He sees the fleet of Aeneas scattered across the whole sea, the Trojans crushed by the tides and the downpour of heaven. The tricks and anger of Juno didn’t escape the notice of her brother. He calls the Eurus and the Zephyr to himself and then uttered such things. (132) “Does such great confidence of your race hold you? Now, winds, do you dare to mix up the sky and land without my divine favor and bear so great a burden? Whom I–! but no, it is better to calm the disturbed sea. Afterwards you will atone for me your faults by no similar punishment. Hasten your flight and tell these things to your king: ‘That the rule of the sea and the fierce trident was given, not to that guy, but to me by destiny. That man holds the immense rocks, your home, Eurus; let Aeolus boast to himself in that hall and let him reign in the enclosed prison of the winds.’” Thus he speaks and quicker than spoken, he calms the swollen sea and he put to flight the collected clouds and brings back the sun. Cymothoe and Triton, striving at the same time, dislodge the ship from the sharp rocks; the master raises and opens the vast sandbars with a trident and he calms the sea and he glides over the tops of the waves as of light wheels. (148) And just as when strife has arisen often in a large people, and the unwashed masses rage in their spirits and torches rocks are already flying, the madness lends arms; then if by chance they have seen some man, grave with respect to his loyalty and merits, they are silent and stand with raised ears; that man rules their spirits with his words and calms their hearts: then the whole crash of the sea subsided, afterwards, the father, looking out on the sea and carried on the open sky, turned his horses; and flying in his obedient chariot, he gave reigns.The defeated followers of Aeneas strived to aim for the shores which are near to run, and they turned towards the shores of Libya. The place is in a long inlet, an island makes a port with the barrier of its sides on which every wave from the deep is broken as it splits in two, entering into the sheltered bay. On this side and that enormous cliffs and twin peaks tower into the sky and threaten against the heavens, beneath whose crest the sheltered water is wide and calm; then above is a scene of quivering woods and a grove black with quivering shade overhangs.Under the opposite face, a cave of hanging rocks, within are sweet waters and seats of living rocks, the home of the nymphs. Here not any chains hold the crumpled ships, an anchor does not hold with a curved hook. Aeneas with seven ships having been collected from the whole number he enters into this place and with a great love of the land the Trojans having disembarked they won the desired sand and they threw their limbs dripping with salt water on the shore. First Achates struck out a spark from the flint and he caught some fire with the leaves and he placed dry fuel around and he snatched up a flame in the tinder. Then they bring out the grain spoiled by the waves, wary of their misfortunes, and the utensils of Ceres, and they prepare both to roast the recovered grain with the flames and to crush it with a rock.Meanwhile Aeneas climbs the cliff and he seeks the whole view far and wide of the sea, if he might see any sign of Antheus thrown by the wind and his Phrygian ship or Capys or the arms of Caicus in the lofty ships. He sees no ship in sight and three deer wandering on the shore, the whole herd follows these from the back and the long line grazes through the valley. He stops here and he snatches up with his hand his bow and swift arrows, the weapons which faithful Achates was carrying. He lays low the leaders themselves first those bearing high heads of branching antlers, and then he mixes the crowd, leading the whole mob with weapons among the leafy grove. And no sooner does he stop as conqueror then he would shed seven enormous bodies on the ground and he makes equal the number with the ships and he seeks this port and he distributes them among all his allies. Next he divides the wine which good Acestes had loaded into their jars on the Sicilian beach and the hero had given to the departing Trojans and he soothes their grieving hearts with words.“O friends, (For we are not ignorant of hard times before) O you, having suffered greater things, a god will grant an end to these things also. You have even approached the rage of Scylla and the roaring cliffs within and experienced the Cyclopean rocks. Call back your spirits and send fear and gloom away. Perhaps it will be pleasing to us to remember even these things one day. Through so many misfortunes, through so many crises, we are progressing into Latium where the fates show places of quiet seats; it is divine will that the kingdom of Troy rise again there. Endure and save yourself for favorable things.” MeterDactylic hexameter – the meter of the Aeneid; six feet in each line where the last two feet of each line are dactyl-sponde.Dactyl – long short short (-uu)Sponde – long long (--)Elision – when one word ends with a vowel, diphthong, or “m” and the following word begins with a vowel or “h,” then the last syllable of the first word is lost to the first syllable of the second word.Long syllable – 1) by nature: has either macron or is a diphthong or 2) by position: it comes before a double consonant or if it comes before “x”Short syllable – if it is not longGrammarDeponent – passive in form and active in meaning (ln 105)Hendiadys – expression of an idea by two conjoined nouns instead of a noun and adjective (ln 111)Ablative supine of respect – ex: mirabile dictu: wonderful to relate (ln 111)Indirect statement – (ll 124-127)Aposiopesis – the breaking off before the close of a sentence (ln 135)Synechdoche – the use of a part to refer to the whole or vice versa (ln 173)Metonymy – (ceres ln 176)Chiasmus – the arrangement of paired words in opposite order (ln 184)Forsan et haec olim meminisse juvabit – perhaps it will be pleasing to us to remember even these things one day (the most famous line in the Aeneid) Lines 208 - 304He says such things with a voice and sick with immense cares he feigns hope on his face. He restrains his grief deep in his heart. They gird themselves for the prey and for the future feast. They tear the hide from the sides and they lay bare the vitals. Some cut it in pieces, and they pierce it trembling with spits; others place kettles on shore and feed the flames. Then they restore their strength with food and spreading themselves out on the grass they take their fill of old wine and fat venison. Afterwards, their hunger was taken away by the feasts and the tables were cleared, they seek again their lost friends with a long discussion, doubtful between hope and fear whether they believe that they are alive or if they have suffered the ultimate change and no longer hear their names called. Loyal Aeneas now especially groans the misfortune of fierce Orontes, now of Amicus, and now for the cruel fate of Lycus and of strong Gyan and of strong Cloanthus. And just now there was an end. When Jupiter looking from the top of the upper air on the sail winged sea and the outspread lands and the shores and the wide peoples and thus he stops at the summits of the skies and he fixes his eyes on the kingdom of Libya. And Venus addresses that man pondering such cares in his heart; she sadder and filled with tears with respect to her shining eyes: “O you who rule over the affairs of both men and gods with eternal powers and terrify with lightning, what could the Trojans have done against you? The whole circle of lands on account of Italy is closed to them having suffered so many deaths. Certainly you promised that from this group would be the Romans one day with the years rolling by that from this would be the leaders from the restored blood of Teucer who would hold the sea and all the lands in their power. What opinion changes you father?Indeed I found consolation by this for the fall of Troy and the sad ruins, balancing opposing fates against fates, now the same fortunes follows the men driven by so many misfortunes, what end of labors do you give, great king? Antenor having escaped from the middle of the Greeks was able to enter the Illyrian bays and safe to enter the innermost kingdoms of the Liburnians and to conquer the source of the Timavus from which through nine months with a great murmuring of a mountain it goes as a furious sea and it overwhelms the fields with its roaring floods. Here nevertheless that man established the city of Patavus and the seats of the Trojans and he gave a name to the people there and he hung up his Trojan arms and now settled he rests in quiet peace. He, your offspring, to whom you promised the tower of heaven with our ships lost, unspeakable, on account of one person we are betrayed and we are separated far from the Italian shores. Is this the reward of loyalty? Is this how you restore us into power?”Smiling at her, the father of men and gods, with his face which he calms the sky and he touched his daughter’s dainty lips, and said these things, “Spare your fear, Cytherea, your fates of your people remain unchanged for you. You will perceive the city of Lavinia and its promised walls and you will carry great-souled Aeneas on high to the great stars of heaven and no opinion turns me. For I will speak since this case troubles you and unrolling further the secrets of the fates, I will move, this man will wage a huge war for you in Italy and he will crush the ferocious peoples and he will place customs by his own men and walls until the third summer will have seen him ruling in Latium and three winters will have passed with the Rotulians having been subdued. But the boy Ascanius, to whom the surname Iulus has been added, (He was Ilus while the Trojan state stood in respect to the kingdom) – he will fulfill thirty great years with the months rolling by in power and he will transfer the kingdom from the seat of Lavinium and he will fortify Alba Longa with force and here it will be reigned for 300 years under the Hectorian race until the Trojan royal priestess will bear twin offspring pregnant by Mars.Then Romulus happy because of the yellow skin of the she-wolf, will inherit the people and will establish the walls of Mars and will call them Romans from his own name. For these people I place neither limits of things nor times, I gave them power without boundary, even harsh Juno who now tires the sea and land and sky with fear she will recall her plans for the better with me and she will cherish the Romans and the toga-clad race. Thus it is decreed with the seasons gliding by a time will come when the house of Assaracus will subject Pthia and brilliant Mycenas in slavery and it will rule over conquered Argos.Trojan Caesar will be born from beautiful origin to limit his power by the ocean, his fame by the stars, Julius his name having been derived from great Iulus. You free from care will receive this man one day in heaven burdened down with spoils from the Orient, he also will be called with prayers then the harsh times will become mild with the wars having been placed aside. Old Faith and Vesta, Romulus and his brother Remus will give justice. The awful gates of War will be closed by iron and by close-fitting joints. Unholy Fury within sitting on top of fierce arms and bound by a hundred bronze knots behind his back, he, horrible, will roar with a bloody mouth. He says these things and he sends down him born from Maia on high so that the lands and the new citadel of Carthage may lie open with hospitality for the Trojans and so that Dido ignorant of fate might not turn them away from their borders. He flies through the great air with rowing of wings and swiftly he stood at the shores of Libya. And right away he does his orders and the Phoenicians place aside their ferocious hearts with a god willing and the queen receives a quiet spirit and a benign mind towards the Trojans. Chiasmus – the arrangement of paired words in opposite order (ln 209)Metonymy – ln 215, BacchiEuphemism – ln 219Syncopated form Ablative Absolute – ln 363Indirect StatementRelative Characteristic ClauseSynchesis – interlocked order (ll 275, 286, 291)Hendiadys - ln 293Synizesis – when two syllables become one for the sake of meter (ln 256)Asyndeton – ln 292Alliteration – ln 295ut purpose clause – ll 298-300 Lines 305 - 401[305] And loyal Aneas, pondering very many things through the night, as soon as kind light was given decided to go out to explore this new place to find out whose shore he had reached by the wind, who may hold it (for he sees that it is wild), whether human or wild animal, and to bring back the things determined to his allies. He hides the fleet in the valley of the groves beneath the hollowed out cliff, hemmed in all around by trees and trembling shade; he himself, accompanied by Achates alone, proceeds, holding two spears with broad iron points in hand. The mother carried herself to meet him in the middle of the forest, wearing the face and garb of a young girl and the arms of a Spartan virgin, or of such a girl as the Thracian Harpalyce when she tires out the horses in her swift course, outstripping even the swift Hebrus. Indeed she had hung a ready bow on her shoulder as is the custom and as a huntress she had given her hair to be scattered by the wind, bare at the knee and having collected her flowing folds in a know. “hello,” she says first, “point out if you have seen any of my sisters wandering here by chance girded up with a quiver and the skin of a spotted lynx or pursuing with shouts the path of a foaming wild boar. [325] Thus Venus spoke and the son of Venus thus began in reply: “None of your sisters were heard or seen by me, what am I to call you, o maiden? For by no means does your face look mortal to me, nor does your voice sound human; o certainly a goddess (whether you are the sister of Apollo? Or one of the blood of the nymphs) I wish that you would be happy and that you would lighten our labor, whoever you are, and that you would teach us under which sky, finally, in which shores of the earth we are tossed; we wander, unaware of men and of places, driven here by the wind and by the vast seas: much sacrifice will fall for you at your altar y our right hand.” [335] Then Venus: “By no means indeed deemed me worthy of such honors for it is the custom for Tyrian girls to carry a quiver and to bind up their legs on high with a purple boot. You see the Punic kingdom, the Tyrians and the city of Agenor; but the borders are Libyan, a rave unmanageable in war. Dido, having come from the city of Tyre fleeing her brother, rules the empire. The story of her wrongs is a long one but I will say the highest points of things. Sycheus, richest of the Phoenicians, was the husband to this Dido and cherished by miserable Dido with great love to whom her father had given as a virgin and had united with the first omens. But the brother Pygmalion had the kingdom of Tyre, more monstrous in crime than all others. Between Pygmalion and Sycheus madness came in the middle. Pygmalion, that unholy man, blind with love of gold, secretly kills Sycheus, unsuspecting, with a sword before the altars, heedless of the love of his sister; and he hides this deed for a long time and the evil man pretended many things and mocked the weary lover with false hope. But in her sleep this very image of her unburied husband came to her and raised his pale fave by wonderful manner, and he disclosed to her the bloody altars and his heart pierced on the sword, and he disclosed every hidden horror of his house. Then he advises her to hasten to flight and to depart from the fatherland and he uncovered an old treasure, under the ground, an unknown weight of silver and gold, as an aid of her way. Dido, moved by these things, prepared her flight and her allies. They come together, those for whom there was either cruel hatred of the tyrant or sharp fear; they snatched up the ships, which my chance were prepared, and loaded them with gold. Greedy Pygmalion’s wealth was carried off by sea; the woman was the leader of this deed. They arrived at the place where you now discern the huge walls and the rising citadel of new Carthage, and they bought the soil, Byrsa from the name of the deed, however much they could surround with a bull’s hide. Who then are you? Or from which shores do you come? How do you hold your route? So that man, sighing to inquiring Venus by such words and drawing a voice from deep in his chest, said:[372] “O goddess, if I should proceed to tell the story of our labors, retracing it from the first origin; and if you should have the leisure to hear of our labors, the evening would sooner settle the day with Olympus closed. The storm by its own fortune drove us, carried from ancient Troy—if by chance the name of Troy has passed through your ears—through the various seas to the shores of Libya. I am loyal Aeneas, known with respect to fame above the heavens, who bore the household gods, snatched up from the enemy, with me by ship. I seek the country of Italy and the race of highest Jove. With 20 ships I embarked on the Phrygian Sea, I followed the given fates with my mother the goddess showing the way; barely 7 survive, shattered by the waves and the wind. I myself unknown, lacking, I wander the wasteland of Libya, having been driven from Europe and Asia. Venus did not allow him, lamenting more things, and thus interrupted him in the middle of grief.[387] Whoever you are, I believe that in no way are you hated by the gods, you breathe the airs of life, you who may reach the city of Tyre. Only proceed and take yourself from here to the palace of the queen, For I announce to you that your comrades were restored and that your fleet has been brought back and driven into safety by the changed winds, unless my false parents taught prophecy uselessly. See the 12 rejoicing swans in formation, those who the bird of Jove, having dropped from the upper air, agitated in the clear sky; now they seen either to grasp the earth in a long line or to look down on the places already occupied: and just as they, restored, play with rustling wings and encircle the sky in flocks, gave songs, not otherwise your ships and the youths of your men either hold port or go with full sails to the harbor. Only proceed and direct your walk by which the road leads you.[402] She said these things and turning aside gleamed with a rosy neck, and her ambrosial hair exhaled a divine odor from her head, and her robe flowed down to the bottom of her feet and the true goddess was evident by her stride. That man, when he recognized his fleeing mother, followed her with such a voice:“Why do even you, cruel, mock so many times your son with false images? Why is it not given to join hand to hand and to hear and reply true voices?” He chides her with such words and hastens his step to the wall. Then Venus hedges those who proceed with dark mist, and she surrounded them with much wrapping of clouds as a goddess, so that someone might not be able to discern them lest someone could be able to touch them or cause delay or seek the causes of his coming. She herself, on high, departs to Paphos and she, happy, revisits her own seats where there is a temple to her and a hundred altars burn with Sabian incense and breathe forth with fresh garlands.Meanwhile they hurried their way by which the path shows. And now they were climbing a hill which overhangs the city with imposing size and looks at the opposing citadel from above. Aeneas admires the structure of it, formerly huts, and he admires the gates and the noise and the pavement of the streets. The eager Tyrians press on, some to extend the walls, some to put up the citadel, some to roll stones by hand, some to choose a place for a house, and to enclose it with a ditch. And they choose laws and judges and the sacred senate. Here some excavate a harbor and here others place the deep foundations for theaters, they cut out huge columns from the rocks and high decorations for the future stages. Such is the labor which busies bees through the flowery countryside in early summer under the sun, when they lead out the adult offspring of the race, or when they stow the liquid honey, or when they distend the cells with sweet nectar, or when they receive the load of those coming, or when they, with a line made, keep off the drones, a lazy swarm, from the hive; the burden glows and the fragrant honey smells like thyme.“O fortunate ones whose walls already rise!” Aeneas says and looks up at the top of the city. He, enclosed by the mist (wonderful to see), bore himself through their middle and mingles with the men and is not perceived by any. [440]In the middle of the city there was a grove, happiest of shade, in which place the Phoenicians, tossed by waves and a whirlpool, first dug up a sign, which royal Juno had shown to them: the head of a sharp horse; thus indeed that they were to be a race remarkable in war and easy to live for generations. Here Sidonian Dido was building a huge temple for Juno, rich in offerings and in divine power of the goddess, for which bronze doorways were rising with steps and the beams had been fastened with bronze, and the hinge was creaking in the bronze doors. In this wood the new presented thing first soothed the fear (of Aeneas) and here Aeneas first dared to hope for safety and to trust more in shattered things.[453] For while he surveys separate things under the huge temple awaiting the queen, while he admires what fortune may be to the city and the hands of the artisans within himself and the labor of the works, he looks at the Trojan fights in order and the wars already known with respect to fame through the whole world, the sons of Atreus and Priam and Achilles hostile to both. He stops and crying he says, “What place now, Achates, what region in the lands is not full of our labors? Behold Priam. Here even praise has its own rewards; there are tears of things and mortal things touch the mind. Release your rears; this fame will bring some safety to you.”Thus he speaks and he feeds his spirit on the lifeless picture groaning much and he moistens his face with a copious stream. For he saw here how the Greeks battling around Troy were fleeing, the Trojan youth was pressing on, and there how the Phrygians (Trojans) were fleeing, plumed Achilles was pressing on in his chariot. And not far from this place crying he recognizes the tents of Rhesus with their snowy canvasses, which betrayed at first sleep the bloody son of Tydeus was ravaging with much slaughter, and he turned the eager horses toward the camp sooner than they might have tasted the pastures of Troy and might have drunk from the Xanthus.In another part fleeing Troilus with his weapons having been lost, the unlucky boy unequal to Achilles in battle is dragged by his horses and he clings to the empty chariot on his back, nevertheless holding the reins; his neck and hair are dragged through the land, and the dust is written by turned spear.Meanwhile the Trojan women with their hair disheveled were going to the temple of not impartial Minerva and they humbly carried a gown, sad and having beaten themselves with their palms; the goddess having turned held her eyes fixed on the ground.Achilles had dragged Hector three times around the Trojan walls and was selling the lifeless body for gold. Then truly he gives a huge groan from the bottom of his heart, as he looked at the spoils, as he looked at the very body of his friend, and Priam stretching unarmed hands. He also recognized himself mixed in with the chief Greeks, the Eastern battle lines and the weapons of black Memnon. Raging Penthesilea leads the battle lines of the Amazons with their crescent shields and she burns in the middle of thousands, the warrior-woman fastening golden straps under her exposed breast, and she a maiden dares to fight with men. [493]While these marvelous things were seen by Trojan Aeneas, while he stands agape and clings fixed on one gaze, the queen marched to the temple, Dido most beautiful in form, with a large throng of your crowing around. Dative of Possession – line 454Indirect Question – 454, 466-468(3 expressed, 1 implied, with uti as interrogative words and the verbs in the subjunctive.)Indirect Statement - 444-445Ablative Absolute – line 497Ablative Supine – 439,445Syncopated – 444Bee Simile – 430-436Synechdoche – tecto line 425Anaphora – miratur line 421-422 Lines 402 - 497[402] She said these things and turning aside gleamed with a rosy neck, and her ambrosial hair exhaled a divine odor from her head, and her robe flowed down to the bottom of her feet and the true goddess was evident by her stride. That man, when he recognized his fleeing mother, followed her with such a voice:“Why do even you, cruel, mock so many times your son with false images? Why is it not given to join hand to hand and to hear and reply true voices?” He chides her with such words and hastens his step to the wall. Then Venus hedges those who proceed with dark mist, and she surrounded them with much wrapping of clouds as a goddess, so that someone might not be able to discern them lest someone could be able to touch them or cause delay or seek the causes of his coming. She herself, on high, departs to Paphos and she, happy, revisits her own seats where there is a temple to her and a hundred altars burn with Sabian incense and breathes forth with fragrant garlands.Meanwhile they hurried their way by which the path shows. And now they were climbing a hill which overhangs the city with imposing size and looks at the opposing citadel from above. Aeneas admires the structure of it, formerly huts, and he admires the gates and the noise and the pavement of the streets. The eager Tyrians press on, some to extend the walls, some to put up the citadel, some to roll stones by hand, some to choose a place for a house, and to enclose it with a ditch. And they choose laws and judges and the sacred senate. Here some excavate a harbor and here others place the deep foundations for theaters, they cut out huge columns from the rocks and high decorations for the future stages. Such is the labor which busies bees through the flowery countryside in early summer under the sun, or when they lead out the adult offspring of the race, or when they stow the liquid honey, or when they distend the cells with sweet nectar, or when they receive the load of those coming, or when they, with a line made, keep off the drones, a lazy swarm, from the hive. The burden glows and the fragrant honey smells like thyme.“O fortunate ones whose walls already rise!” Aeneas says and looks up at the top of the city. He, enclosed by the mist (wonderful to see), bore himself through their middle and mingles with the men and is not perceived by any. [440]In the middle of the city there was a grove, happiest of shade, in which place the Phoenicians, tossed by waves and a whirlpool, first dug up a sign, which royal Juno had shown to them: the head of a sharp horse; thus indeed that they were to be a race remarkable in war and easy to live for generations. Here Sidonian Dido was building a huge temple for Juno, rich in offerings and in divine power of the goddess, for which bronze doorways were rising with steps and the beams had been fastened with bronze, and the hinge was creaking in the bronze doors. In this wood the new presented thing first soothed the fear (of Aeneas) and here Aeneas first dared to hope for safety and to trust more in shattered things.[453] For while he surveys separate things under the huge temple awaiting the queen, while he admires what fortune may be to the city and the hands of the artisans within himself and the labor of the works, he looks at the Trojan fights in order and the wars already known with respect to fame through the whole world, the sons of Atreus and Priam and Achilles hostile to both. He stops and crying he says, “What place now, Achates, what region in the lands is not full of our labors? Behold Priam. Here even praise has its own rewards; there are tears of things and mortal things touch the mind. Release your rears; this fame will bring some safety to you.”Thus he speaks and he feeds his spirit on the lifeless picture groaning much and he moistens his face with a copious stream. For he saw here how the Greeks battling around Troy were fleeing, the Trojan youth was pressing on, and there how the Phrygians (Trojans) were fleeing, plumed Achilles was pressing on in his chariot. And not far from this place crying he recognizes the tents of Rhesus with their snowy canvasses, which betrayed at first sleep the bloody son of Tydeus was ravaging with much slaughter, and he turned the eager horses toward the camp sooner than they might have tasted the pastures of Troy and might have drunk from the Xanthus.In another part fleeing Troilus with his weapons having been lost, the unlucky boy unequal to Achilles in battle is dragged by his horses and he clings to the empty chariot on his back, nevertheless holding the reins; his neck and hair are dragged through the land, and the dust is written by turned spear.Meanwhile the Trojan women with their hair disheveled were going to the temple of not impartial Minerva and they humbly carried a gown, sad and having beaten themselves with their palms; the goddess having turned held her eyes fixed on the ground.Achilles had dragged Hector three times around the Trojan walls and was selling the lifeless body for gold. Then truly he gives a huge groan from the bottom of his heart, as he looked at the spoils, as he looked at the very body of his friend, and Priam stretching unarmed hands. He also recognized himself mixed in with the chief Greeks, the Eastern battle lines and the weapons of black Memnon. Raging Penthesilea leads the battle lines of the Amazons with their crescent shields and she burns in the middle of thousands, the warrior-woman fastening golden straps under her exposed breast, and she a maiden dares to fight with men. [493]While these marvelous things were seen by Trojan Aeneas, while he stands agape and clings fixed on one gaze, the queen marched to the temple, Dido most beautiful in form, with a large throng of your crowing around. Dative of Possession – line 454Indirect Question – 454, 466-468(3 expressed, 1 implied, with uti as interrogative words and the verbs in the subjunctive.)Indirect Statement - 444-445Ablative Absolute – line 497Ablative Supine – 439,445Syncopated – 444Bee Simile – 430-436Synechdoche – tecto line 425Anaphora – miratur line 421-422 Lines 498 - 519 [498] Just as Diana trains her bands on the banks of the Eurota or through the ridges of Cynthus, she whom a thousand Oreads having followed are gathered on this side and on that, that goddess carries a quiver on her shoulder and proceeding she towers over all the goddesses (joys master the silent heart of Latona): such was Dido, the happy woman carrying herself like that through the midst of men pressing on the work and the future kingdom. [503] Such was Dido, and she, happy, bore herself like that through the midst of men, pressing on the work and the future kingdom. Then, at the doors of the goddess, in the middle vault of the temple, having been hedged in by arms, she sat, resting on high on her throne. She gave rights and laws to the men and she made equal the labor of the works in just parts or she assigned them by lot when suddenly Aeneas sees that Antheus and Sergestus and brave Cloanthus and others of the Trojans approach in a great crowd, those whom the black whirlwind had scattered on the sea and had, wholly, carried them away to other shores. At the same time he himself stood agape, and at the same time Achates was struck with happiness and fear; the aeager men were burning to join hands, but an unknown thing disturbed their spirit. They hide and having been wrapped up in a billow cloud, they spy out what fortune to the men, on which shores they leave the fleet and why they are coming, for having been chosen from all the ships they were going, praying for favor, and with a shout, were seeking the temple.
book 2
[1] All grew silent and they eager continue to hold their faces toward Aeneas. Afterwards father Aeneas from his high couch began thus:“O queen you command me to renew unspeakable grief by telling how the Greeks could overthrow the towers of Troy and the lamentable kingdom and by telling the heartbraking events which I myself saw and of which I was a great part. Who of the Myrmidons of the Dolopians or which soldier of stern Ulysses could restrain from crying by the telling of such things and now the damp night falls from the sky into the sea and the falling stars urge sleep. But if such love is to you to learn of our misfortunes and to hear briefly the final agony although my mind shudders to have remembered and it flees out of grief I will begin.Broken by war and repelled by the fates the leaders of the Greeks with so many years already slipping away they built a horse as big as a mountain by the art of Minerva and they weaved the ribs from cut pine; they pretend that the horse is an offering for their safe return home and the fame of it spreads abroad.They having drawn secretly enclosed in this place the chosen bodies of men in a hidden side and they fill completely the huge caverns and the belly with armed warriors.
There is in sight Tenedos the most well-known island in respect to fame, rich in wealth, while the kingdom of Priam remained, now only the bay and the station are unfaithful for ships here they hide having carried themselves on the deserted shore. We thought that the Greeks had gone and had seeked Mycenas by wind. Therefore all Trojans loosen themselves from long mourning: the gates are opened, it pleases (us) to go (from the city) and to see the Greek camps and the deserted places and abandoned shores: here was the band of Dolopes, here the fierce Achilles struggled, here the place of the ships, here they were accustomed to fighting with a battle line. Some admire the fatal gift of virgin Minerva and admire the mass of the horse. First Thymoetes urged that it be led within the walls and be placed in the citadel, whether because of a track or because the fates of Troy were already thus tending. But Capys, and those whose minds had a better counsel either commanded that they throw the suspected gift and plots of the Greeks into the sea or burn it with flame having been placed under it, or bore into the cavern of the belly and test the hiding place. The uncertain crowd was split into opposing zeals.
[40] Then first before all with a large crowd following Laocoon burning runs down from the most high citadel and says from a distance “O unhappy citizens what so great madness is this?Do you believe that your enemies have left or do you believe that any gift of the Greeks lacks tricks, is Ulysses thus known to you? Either the Greeks are hidden enclosed there in wood or this machine was made against our walls about to look into our homes and come to our city from above or some deceit hides; do not trust the horse, Trojans. Whatever it is, I fear the Greeks even bearing gifts.” Thus he spoke and he hurled a huge spear with mighty strength into the side and into the belly curved with joings of the beast that speak stood shaking and the hollow cavities made a sound with the belly having been struck, and they gave a groan and if the fates of the gods, if their mind had not been hostile, he would have driven us to mar the Greek hiding place with iron and Troy would now stand and the high citadel of Priam you would remain still. [56]
[199] Here another omen, greater and a rather dreadful thing by much is presented to miserable us and perturbs unforeseen hearts. Laocoon, priest chosen by lot for Neptune sacrificed a great bull on the solemn altars. However, behold, twin snakes from Tenedos through the tranquil deep (I shudder saying) with enormous coils overhang the sea and side by side stretch to the shores; whose hearts raise among the waves and the blood-red crests they surmount waves, the remaining part behind skims the sea and twists the immense back with a coil. The roar arises with the brine spraying and now they already stretch to the farmlands and their ardent eyes suffused with blood and with fire and they lick their hissing mouth with vibrant tongues. We scattered pale at the sight. Those seek Laocoon with a fixed line. Both the serpents enfolded first in twines the small bodies of the two sons and devour the miserable limbs with a bite. Afterwards they seize him coming to aid carrying spears, they tie him with huge coils and now twice enfolded his middle and twice placed their scaly hide around the middle of his neck they overcame him with their tall necks and heads. He at the same time strives to tear at the coils with his hands having drenched his fillet with blood and with black venom and at the same time raises to heaven horrifying cries, such a bellow as when a wounded bull flees the altar and shakes off from his neck the uncertain axe. But the twin snakes flee by gliding on to the upper temple and seek the temple of cruel Minerva and hide under the goddess’s feet and beneath the circle of her shield. Then indeed a new terror creeps through trembling hearts of all and they say that Laocoon paid for his deserving crime for he was who struck the sacred oak with spear and hurled his wicked spear at its body.
[232]They shout that the image must be led to the seats and that the divinity of the goddess must be entreated. We divide the walls and lay open the walls of the city. All equip themselves for work and place rollings of wheels under the feet and stretch towing chains from the neck. The deadly machine climbs the walls, teeming with weapons. The boys and unmarried girls chant sacred songs around it and they rejoiced to touch the rope with a hand. That thing entered and towering glides to the middle of the city.O fatherland, O Troy, house of the gods and walls of Troy renowned in respect to war. Four times it stopped in the threshold itself of the doorway and four times the soldiers gave a sound from the belly; nevertheless we heedless and blind pursued by madness and we stopped the accursed monster on the consecrated citadel. Even then Cassandra opens her mouth by means of the impending fates by the command of the god not ever believed by the Trojans.
[248] We the wretched people to whom that day was the last, cover the shrines of the gods with festive branches throughout the city. Meanwhile the heavens are revolving, and night rises from the Ocean, wrapping in its great shadow earth and sky and the deceits of the Myrmidons, spread out among the walls, the Teucrians hushed, sleep enfolds their tired limbs.And now the Argive fleet in battle order was going from Tenedos, and through the friendly stillness of the quiet moon, heading for the familiar shores; when the royal ship lifted flames, and protected by the gods’ hostile fates, Sinon stealthily looses the pine barriers and frees the enclosed Greeks from the belly; the horse having been laid open restores them to the open air and joyfully they bring themselves forth from the hollow oak, Thessander and Sthenelus, the leaders, and dreadful Ulysses, having descended down the dropped rope, and Acamas and Thoas and Neoptolemus, descendant of Peleus, and noble Machaon, and Menelaus, and Epeus himself the maker of the trick.
[264]They invade the city buried in sleep and wine, the guards are cut down and they receive their allies by all the gates lying open and they join confederate battle lines.It was the time when first sleep begins for weary mortals and most welcome it creeps by a gift of the gods. In sleep, behold, before my eyes most gloomy Hector seemed to appear to me and to pour out abundant tears, he dragged by a two horse chariot just as before, he black with bloody dust pierced by the reins through his swollen feet. Alas to me such as he was how much changed he from that Hector who returned clad in the spoils of Achilles a squalid beard and hair matted with blood and bearing those many wounds which he received around the fatherly walls. Weeping further I myself seemed to address the man and express in gloomy voices, “O light of the Trojans, O most faithful hope of the Trojans, what such delays held you? From which shores do you come, O awaited Hector? How gladly we weary look at you after many funeral things of yours after various labors of men and of the city, what unworthy cause defiles your serene face or why do I perceive these wounds?”[287]
That man said nothing neither he delays me seeking vain things but graveling giving a groan from his innermost heart he said, “Alas flee you born from a goddess and take yourself out of the flames the enemies have the walls, Troy falls from its high point. Enough was given for the country and Priam by you: if Pergama could be defended by a hand it would still be defended by this right hand. Troy entrusts its sacred things and its household gods to you; take these as comrades of the fates, seek great walls for these which you will finally establish with the sea having been crossed.” Thus he spoke and he carries out with his hands the headbands and the powerful Vesta and the eternal fire from the innermost sanctuary. [297]
[469] Pyrrhus himself before the vestibule itself and in the first threshold he leaps forth flashing with weapons and gleaming with bronze light. Just as when a snake comes into the light having grazed on bad herbs the swollen snake which the cold mid-winter protected under the earth now with its skin shed new and sleek in youth and it coils its slippery back with its chest raised high to the sun and it quivers with threefold tongues in its mouth. At the same time mighty Periphas and the driver of the horses of Achilles and the arm-bearer Automedon together with all the Scyrian youth and they approach the roof and they throw flames on the summit. He himself among the first with a double-ax having been snatched up breaks through the hard door and tears the bronze doors from the hinges and cutting out the timber he hollows out the solid oak and he gave a huge window with a wide mouth.The house within appeared and long halls are revealed to the chambers of Priam and of the ancient kings appeared and they see armed men standing in the first threshold.In the interior of the home, is mixed with groaning and miserable uproar within the hollow house wails with women’s weeping. A shout strikes the golden stars. Then frightened mothers wander in the huge houses and they having embraced they grab on to the post they plant kisses goodbye.
Pyrrhus presses on with the force of his father and neither the barriers nor the guards themselves can withstand him, the doors keel over by the frequent ram and the posts moved from their hinges, they fall. A way is made by force and the Greeks, let in, breakdown the entrances and they slaughter the first guards and they fill up the place far and wide with soldiers. Not thus when the frothy river with the levees having been burst forth it departs from its usual route and it overcomes the opposing structures with a whirlpool and it is carried into the farmlands raging in a heap and it drags the cattle with the stables through all the fields.I myself saw Pyrrhus raging with slaughter and the twin sons of Atreus at the threshold. I saw Hecuba and her hundred daughters and Priam polluting the fires, which he himself had consecrated, with blood through the altars. Those fifty bedrooms the ample hope of the grandchildren they fell, the doors proud with foreign gold and spoils fell and the Greeks held where the fire was lacking.Perhaps you may even ask what fates were to Priam. When he saw the ruin of his captured city and the gates of his house burst open, and the enemy in the middle of his innermost chambers, the old man fastens in vain his long unused weapons around his shoulders trembling with age and he girds on the useless sword and he about to die, proceeds among the crowding enemy. In the middle of the houses under the bare axis of the upper sky, there was a huge altar and it enfolded the household gods with shade. Here Hecuba and the daughters were sitting around the altars in vain just as doves headlong in a black storm having crowded and having embraced the images of the gods. However when she saw how Priam himself had assumed his youthful armor she said, “What such desperate thought, miserable husband, urges you to gird yourself with these weapons? Or where do you rush? The time demands no such help nor such defender as that; not even if my own Hector himself were present now. Come here finally; this altar will protect us all or you will die at the same time as us. Thus having spoken with her mouth she took the aged man to herself and she placed him on the sacred seat.Behold however Polites, one of the sons of Priam having escaped the slaughter of Pyrrhus flees through the houses through the long enemy’s corridor and he wounded traversed the empty hall. Pyrrhus burning followed that man with a hostile wound and now he holds him with his hand and now he pierces him with a spear. And then as he slipped out before the eyes and faces of his parents, he falls and he pours out his life with much blood. Here Priam although already he is held in the midst of his death, neither restrains nor does he spare his voice and his anger. “But for this crime,” he exclaimed, “for such darings if there is any justice in the sky which heeds this, I wish that the gods would pay fully a worthy reward and that they return the owed reward to you who make me watch the death of my son before my eyes and you who defiled the fatherly face by the death. But not that famous Achilles from whom you falsely say that you are begotten was so great an enemy to Priam but he reverenced the right and the faith of the suppliant but he returned the lifeless body of Hector for burial and he returned me back to my kingdom. Thus the old man spoke and he threw a harmless spear without harm which was immediately repelled by bronze clanging and hung idly from on high on the top of the boss of the shield. To whom Pyrrhus said, “Therefore relate these things and go as a messenger to my father the son of Peleus. Remember to tell him about my sad deeds and degenerate Neoptolemus. Now die.” Saying this he dragged him trembling to the altar himself and he slipping in much of his son’s blood and he pulled out his flashing sword with his right hand and buries the blade up to the hilt in his side. This was the end of the fates of Priam this end bears that man by fate seeing burning Troy, Pergama fell, at one time the haughty ruler of Asia in peoples and lands. The huge trunk lies on the shore the head torn from the shoulders and the body without a name. And then first fierce fear surrounded me, I was dazed, the image of my dear father entered my mind, as I saw the king of equal age breathing out his life with a bloody wound, deserted Creusa entered my mind and the plundered house and the slaughter of small Ascanius. I look back and survey the forces which are around me, all weary deserted and they sent their weary bodies to the ground with a leap or they gave their bodies to the fire.
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