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| YAY Jennyson439: hey baby this is julia
YAY Jennyson439: ur hott mama sister
YAY Jennyson439: jk its jenny
YAY Jennyson439: i need to send u something for ya sister
YAY Jennyson439: print it out hoe
YAY Jennyson439: jkk
YAY Jennyson439 wants to directly connect.
YAY Jennyson439 is now directly connected.
YAY Jennyson439: 8:20:20 PM: Attempting to directly connect to PatMcgroinX3.
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PatMcgroinX3 (8:20:27 PM): 1. Jan de Witt- the representative of the providence of Holland. His aims were to leave as much authority as possible in the hands of the provinces, particularly Holland. This was to weaken the executive and prevent a revival of the House of Orange.
2. Gustavus Adolphus- Won over nobles by giving them positions in a newly expanded bureaucracy. Became most powerful state in the Baltic Area. Then he entered the 30 years war. Salvo was a tactic that made all muskets fire at one time instead one row at a time, like the Spaniards. What he lost in continuity of shot he in the breaking of enemy ranks, if timed right.
3. Amsterdam was the Economic leader of the 17th century in Europe.
4. Union of Utrecht- Calvinist provinces of Dutch Netherlands which later became united provinces. Declared independence from Philip II in 1581.
5. Mercantilism- when the exports exceed that of the imports which increases profits. Developed in France. More a set of attitudes than a systematic economic theory. Basic idea was that the world contained a fixed amount of wealth and that each nation could enrich its self only at the expense of others.
6. Edict of Restitution- ordered the restoration to Catholics of all the territories they had lost to protestants since 1552.
7. The thirty years war was caused by Ferdinand, a pious catholic, assumed the throne of Bohemia, a country were the last emperor promised toleration for protestants and Ferdinand refused to honor Rudolph's promise since the crown was elective they declared Ferdinand deposed and replaced him with the leading Calvinist of the empire Fredrick II of Palatinate.
8. French wars of religion (1562-1598) Calvinism was gaining strength among French peasants and its leaders had virtually created a small semi-independent state. The Guises, great noble family, assumed leadership of the Catholics and in response the Bourbons, another noble family, championed the Calvinists. Their struggle split the country apart.
9. The battle of Lepanto is a battle where the Spanish and Venetian fleets destroyed the Turks in the Gulf of Corinth.
10. Elizabeth I- went to war with Spain. A relatively poor kingdom that lost its continental possessions and its people were united by common bonds such as parliament and commitment to the international Protestant cause.
11. James Stuart (James I)- successor to Elizabeth. Considered his power to be unlimited. Made enemies with the parliament.
12. Fronde- a series of revolts that erupted because of the centralization of power by the crown.
13. Cardinal Richelieu increased the sale of offices which accounted for ? of royal revenues y 1633. This turned evil quickly because ? of the crown's direct taxation was used to pay the officeholders within 10 years. He increased power of the intendants, government's chief agents in the localities, and established them as principal representatives of the monarchy in each province of France instead of the Nobles. These intendants depended completely on royal favor but in return they recruited for the army, arranged billeting, supervised raising of taxes, and enforced the king's decrees.
14. Mary Queen of Scots was next in line to English throne after Elizabeth I. Catholics hoped she would inherit it and began plotting against Elizabeth's life. She had Mary executed in 1587 and the plots died away.
15. The parliament of 1640 did not last long because Charles I refused to change his policies. The commons refused to grant a subsidy, and the king angrily dissolved the session.
16. Absolutism is were the ruler, monarch, leader..etc.. was supreme ruler. Based on divine right.
17. Philip II's main goal was to over come the two enemies of his church, the Muslims and Protestants.
18. The peace of Westphalia was a meeting of ambassadors from Bavaria, Brandenburg, Denmark, France, The Holy Roman Empire, Saxony, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Provinces. All met to sign a treaty to end the thirty years war.
5 artists
Leonardo
Donatello
Michelangelo
Raphael
Titian
Essay- Discuss the major causes and consequences for European society during the thirty years war.
The thirty years war was caused by Ferdinand, a pious catholic, assumed the throne of Bohemia, a country were the last emperor promised toleration for protestants and Ferdinand refused to honor Rudolph's promise since the crown was elective they declared Ferdinand deposed and replaced him with the leading Calvinist of the empire Fredrick II of Palatinate. The war directly impacted the way wars were fought, as in gunpowder and new techniques such as salvo. European society was heavily taxed especially in the lower echelons of the social structure. This directly effected the merchants and industrial businesses resulting in making agriculture a leading profit for countries. This was a step back even further from the Roman and Greek civilizations.
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| um update time :P im in school now, it's okay, harder than last year though. my classes are algebra 2, drivers ed, ap euro history, and hon. biology.. i have 1st lunch it sucks :( today i had to go to the doctor and me and my mom were laughing at this ladies name, she called someone on the phone and was like this is angie commander.. idk i probably sound stupid but it was funny.. i have my permit now so watch out im on the road now >=D | | |
| Hmm time to update... not much has happened I've been shopping a lot for clothes and stuff.. me and Alicia went skating since we haven't been in a while and all the guys said to me was wow your boobs got bigger D=< ... hmm I can't really think of anything else that's happened..just been hanging with Alicia a lot and yeah, oh yeah I got my hair cut I was pissed because she cut it too long after me and Alicia told her I wanted it long and layered its layerd but they cut off like 5 inches >=( and I got some blonde streaks in it, it's not a big difference though | | |
| hey bia 's its alicia julia is too lazy to update so im doin it for her im at her house doin stuff online ....um we went to shipwreck today haha we saw a cottage cheese leg lady it was sosoo funny hahh we were yellin cottage cheese we jus got done eatin yup hamburgers n hot dogs it was good we r bout to go to watch fire works at the bch with lee nathan shay tammy natile and her dad dave ...well yesterday julia went canoeing and the day before that me n her went to the bch it was fun we met nate n fince threre and and we went to see war of the worlds with nate n skylar the other day it was kina funny to me but ya jus bout everything iss i think skylar is turnin gay ahhh that would be bad yup yup hopefully its jus one of those stages but oh well i heart him hah well were listenin to music and bouncin off the walla peace ~alicia~ julia says she loves yalll <3333 gah shes a lazy bum bum ...oh yea lee n nathan kept sayin julia had inflatible boobs today hah cause they r so effin huge !!!!!!!!!that was at shipwreck
 whoop whoop gay power to all mah gays hahaahah be gay if u wanna but jus member god is watchin u gay fag
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| Hmm time for an update lol i just got home from mississippi where i was
the past 2 weelks it was fun... on the way home we stopped by my nanas
who is english and i found out i had korean cousins lmao she told me my
dad and the korean ppl would call each other the other kind of kid :P
this week will be fun im going to st andrews state park with my mom and
her bf tomorrow to go swimming and w/e and this weekend i have company
we are gonna go canoeing sunday i guess that will be fun idk ive nvr
been and my b-day is coming up :) july 10th
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